Chasidut sur Avot 5:25
Me'or Einayim
To understand the matter further, we will precede it with the mishnah from Pirkei Avot 5:1: “The world was created through ten statements, and what does that mean to teach… except to collect from the wicked etc.” We must understand the fact that the world was created through ten statements in order to augment the punishment of the wicked, who destroy a world as great as this that was created through ten statements – which makes no sense since the world could have been created through a single statement; it is inconceivable that the Blessed Creator, who is a faithful God without wrongdoing, would create us through ten statements in order to augment the punishment of the wicked.
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Kedushat Levi
Deuteronomy 1,3. “Moses spoke to the Children of Israel in accordance with all that Hashem had commanded him concerning them.”
This verse will be better understood when we look at the Zohar III 149.where the Baraitha of Rabbi Yishmael at the beginning of Torat Kohanim, states כל דבר שהיה בכלל ויצא מן הכלל וגו', “anything that was included in a general statement, but was then singled out to teach something, was not singled out to teach only about itself., but to apply its teaching to the entire generality;” When applied to the Holy Torah, we have to distinguish between matters treated by the Torah as “more profound than immediately visible after a superficial reading of the text, i.e. פנימיוות וסוד, “something mystical, buried deep inside,” and between matters that every reader can understand at once, such as references to places, dates, such as when the Torah relates details of the lives of Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov. When the Torah reports about their respective dealings with Lavan, or stories told about the matriarchs, Bileam and his ass, these are not to be understood only at face value, but they contain deeply hidden aspects, such as that we are to learn from the excerpts of Avraham’s life how do practice loving kindness with our fellow man. From the details revealed about Yaakov’s life, we are to learn about the righteousness of Yaakov; similarly there are many human attributes practiced by our matriarchs which we are to learn to emulate by immersing ourselves more deeply in the stories of the Torah than one does by reading a novel. Proper reading of these “stories” helps us understand that we are till this day benefiting by the merits accumulated by our forefathers, some of which, we, as their descendants, are being rewarded for. Rachel’s foregoing marriage to her betrothed, Yaakov, in order not to publicly shame her sister Leah, is one of the outstanding examples of selflessness from which we are to learn, according to our sages, when they comment on Jeremiah 31,14 קול ברמה נשמע נהי בכי תמרורים רחל מבכה על בניה מאנה להנחם על בניה כי איננו, “a voice is heard in Ramah- wailing, bitter weeping- Rachel weeping for her children she refuses to be comforted for her children who are gone.” In its introduction to megillat eychah, Lamentations, the author, quoting above verse from Jeremiah interprets it as G’d’s promise to bring redemption to Rachel’s descendants on account of her merits.
If the Torah took the trouble to relate fragments from the lives of the patriarchs and matriarchs to teach us to emulate their virtues, it wrote of Bileam’s conduct in order to teach us not to emulate the abuse Bileam had made of his freedom of choice. Anyone reading of how boastful Bileam had made a fool of himself and left Balak after having become totally discredited, will surely learn a lesson from this. Avot 5,9 points to the difference between the disciples of Avraham and the disciples of Bileam. Avraham’s virtues are worth emulating, whereas Bileam’s great intellectual gifts, due to their being abused by their owner, must be shunned. In other words, although we are able to derive much value from just reading the text superficially, what is hidden behind such superficial reading of the text is even more illuminating. Similarly, with the parts of the Torah that on the surface purport to teach G’d’s commandments; although we must, of course use the text in order to know which commandments to perform and when and where, the text contains many hidden nuances that are discovered only when we apply ourselves with the intention to discover them.
This is what the author of the Baraitha of Rabbi Yishmael that we quoted earlier meant when it stated that “any matter that was part of a general statement, etc,” the general statement is the Torah as a whole, whereas “the statements singled out,” are the specific details about critical moments in our patriarchs’ and matriarchs’ lives, as well as critical details in the lives of other personalities the Torah has singled out from the millions it could have chosen. The words in the Baraitha “but was then singled out from a general statement to teach something only about itself,” refer to specific attributes possessed by the persons mentioned, which are meant either to be emulated or to be shunned. The words: “was not singled out to teach only about itself,” teaches that the attribute emphasized in that example is not to be treated as an exception but is to be applied generally.
That Baraitha also hints by its wording that we must not only look for something beyond the bare text in the stories the Torah tells about outstanding personalities, but search for deeper meaning in the text teaching the commandments. There is a lesson to be learned not only regarding how to perform the commandments, but also regarding moral/ethical lessons to be derived from each commandment.
This latter idea is somewhat elaborated on in the Zohar. It is interesting to note that the fifth Book of the Torah is known also as משנה תורה, [loosely translated as “review of the Torah,” although it is much more than that, containing commandments that did not appear previously at all. Ed.] In this Book, the emphasis is not so much on the attributes of outstanding human beings, but on the attributes of the Creator, and His relationship to His chosen people under various circumstances.
Knowing the manner in which G’d relates to His people is the key to all the warnings issued by Moses to the people concerning their deviating from the right path and the consequences which this would bring in its wake sooner or later, whenever G’d’s patience in waiting for the people to repent would come to an end. Since the Book of Deuteronomy was addressed (at the time) to the generation of Israelites who had not been adults at the time of the Exodus, or who had not even been born yet at that time, they did not need to have everything spelled out for them by means of the stories in the Torah, i.e. parables, as according to Moses’ own testimony in Deut. 29,3 they had become a generation that could use their eyes and ears (not only physically). This was a generation that was not tainted by the ritual pollution it had taken out with them from Egypt.
This is how we must understand Bereshit Rabbah 12,3 that wherever the Torah commences a paragraph with the words: אלה וגו', “these,” etc., it signifies that conditions that had existed prior to this point had become completely irrelevant. In the line in Genesis 2,4 where we find the word אלה for the first time, this signals that anything that the Torah had written about the state of the universe before the creation of light, i.e. the state of תהו ובהו, utter chaos, had by now become totally irrelevant. When we apply this Midrash to the Book of Deuteronomy, it means that rules that had been relevant to the people who had left Egypt as adults no longer had any relevance. The present generation was on a spiritually so much higher level that Moses could speak to them without having to use parables. This is also what Rashi had in mind when in his commentary on the words: אחרי הכותו את סיחן וגו', “after He had smitten Sichon, etc.” (1,4) he says that Moses waited with his words of rebuke for the people until G’d had begun the fulfillment of His promise to give the land of the Canaanites to Israel by giving them vast territory on the east bank of the Jordan. That important victory had concluded the 40 years of wandering in the desert without meaningful progress. At that point Moses became able to speak to the people in the manner G’d had commanded him to do (end of verse 3).
This verse will be better understood when we look at the Zohar III 149.where the Baraitha of Rabbi Yishmael at the beginning of Torat Kohanim, states כל דבר שהיה בכלל ויצא מן הכלל וגו', “anything that was included in a general statement, but was then singled out to teach something, was not singled out to teach only about itself., but to apply its teaching to the entire generality;” When applied to the Holy Torah, we have to distinguish between matters treated by the Torah as “more profound than immediately visible after a superficial reading of the text, i.e. פנימיוות וסוד, “something mystical, buried deep inside,” and between matters that every reader can understand at once, such as references to places, dates, such as when the Torah relates details of the lives of Avraham, Yitzchok and Yaakov. When the Torah reports about their respective dealings with Lavan, or stories told about the matriarchs, Bileam and his ass, these are not to be understood only at face value, but they contain deeply hidden aspects, such as that we are to learn from the excerpts of Avraham’s life how do practice loving kindness with our fellow man. From the details revealed about Yaakov’s life, we are to learn about the righteousness of Yaakov; similarly there are many human attributes practiced by our matriarchs which we are to learn to emulate by immersing ourselves more deeply in the stories of the Torah than one does by reading a novel. Proper reading of these “stories” helps us understand that we are till this day benefiting by the merits accumulated by our forefathers, some of which, we, as their descendants, are being rewarded for. Rachel’s foregoing marriage to her betrothed, Yaakov, in order not to publicly shame her sister Leah, is one of the outstanding examples of selflessness from which we are to learn, according to our sages, when they comment on Jeremiah 31,14 קול ברמה נשמע נהי בכי תמרורים רחל מבכה על בניה מאנה להנחם על בניה כי איננו, “a voice is heard in Ramah- wailing, bitter weeping- Rachel weeping for her children she refuses to be comforted for her children who are gone.” In its introduction to megillat eychah, Lamentations, the author, quoting above verse from Jeremiah interprets it as G’d’s promise to bring redemption to Rachel’s descendants on account of her merits.
If the Torah took the trouble to relate fragments from the lives of the patriarchs and matriarchs to teach us to emulate their virtues, it wrote of Bileam’s conduct in order to teach us not to emulate the abuse Bileam had made of his freedom of choice. Anyone reading of how boastful Bileam had made a fool of himself and left Balak after having become totally discredited, will surely learn a lesson from this. Avot 5,9 points to the difference between the disciples of Avraham and the disciples of Bileam. Avraham’s virtues are worth emulating, whereas Bileam’s great intellectual gifts, due to their being abused by their owner, must be shunned. In other words, although we are able to derive much value from just reading the text superficially, what is hidden behind such superficial reading of the text is even more illuminating. Similarly, with the parts of the Torah that on the surface purport to teach G’d’s commandments; although we must, of course use the text in order to know which commandments to perform and when and where, the text contains many hidden nuances that are discovered only when we apply ourselves with the intention to discover them.
This is what the author of the Baraitha of Rabbi Yishmael that we quoted earlier meant when it stated that “any matter that was part of a general statement, etc,” the general statement is the Torah as a whole, whereas “the statements singled out,” are the specific details about critical moments in our patriarchs’ and matriarchs’ lives, as well as critical details in the lives of other personalities the Torah has singled out from the millions it could have chosen. The words in the Baraitha “but was then singled out from a general statement to teach something only about itself,” refer to specific attributes possessed by the persons mentioned, which are meant either to be emulated or to be shunned. The words: “was not singled out to teach only about itself,” teaches that the attribute emphasized in that example is not to be treated as an exception but is to be applied generally.
That Baraitha also hints by its wording that we must not only look for something beyond the bare text in the stories the Torah tells about outstanding personalities, but search for deeper meaning in the text teaching the commandments. There is a lesson to be learned not only regarding how to perform the commandments, but also regarding moral/ethical lessons to be derived from each commandment.
This latter idea is somewhat elaborated on in the Zohar. It is interesting to note that the fifth Book of the Torah is known also as משנה תורה, [loosely translated as “review of the Torah,” although it is much more than that, containing commandments that did not appear previously at all. Ed.] In this Book, the emphasis is not so much on the attributes of outstanding human beings, but on the attributes of the Creator, and His relationship to His chosen people under various circumstances.
Knowing the manner in which G’d relates to His people is the key to all the warnings issued by Moses to the people concerning their deviating from the right path and the consequences which this would bring in its wake sooner or later, whenever G’d’s patience in waiting for the people to repent would come to an end. Since the Book of Deuteronomy was addressed (at the time) to the generation of Israelites who had not been adults at the time of the Exodus, or who had not even been born yet at that time, they did not need to have everything spelled out for them by means of the stories in the Torah, i.e. parables, as according to Moses’ own testimony in Deut. 29,3 they had become a generation that could use their eyes and ears (not only physically). This was a generation that was not tainted by the ritual pollution it had taken out with them from Egypt.
This is how we must understand Bereshit Rabbah 12,3 that wherever the Torah commences a paragraph with the words: אלה וגו', “these,” etc., it signifies that conditions that had existed prior to this point had become completely irrelevant. In the line in Genesis 2,4 where we find the word אלה for the first time, this signals that anything that the Torah had written about the state of the universe before the creation of light, i.e. the state of תהו ובהו, utter chaos, had by now become totally irrelevant. When we apply this Midrash to the Book of Deuteronomy, it means that rules that had been relevant to the people who had left Egypt as adults no longer had any relevance. The present generation was on a spiritually so much higher level that Moses could speak to them without having to use parables. This is also what Rashi had in mind when in his commentary on the words: אחרי הכותו את סיחן וגו', “after He had smitten Sichon, etc.” (1,4) he says that Moses waited with his words of rebuke for the people until G’d had begun the fulfillment of His promise to give the land of the Canaanites to Israel by giving them vast territory on the east bank of the Jordan. That important victory had concluded the 40 years of wandering in the desert without meaningful progress. At that point Moses became able to speak to the people in the manner G’d had commanded him to do (end of verse 3).
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Me'or Einayim
However, each and every person must come into trial – even if he receives God’s Godliness into his thoughts as we have explained above – nevertheless each person is tested with ten trials, as they said about Abraham, “Abraham was tested with ten trials and withstood them all” (Mishnah, Avot 5:3). And the trial is that they strip him of the Connection with which he was connected to Blessed God through Awareness. At the moment when he comes into the trial, only Free Will remains with him; for without this it would not be called a trial. For certainly through the Connection the tzaddik holds his path (Job 17:9), and in this way his Awareness is diminished – though not completely removed – and if he withstands the trial, it is because it was already fixed in his heart from before when he had expansive Awareness.
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Mareh Yechezkel on Torah
Sermon on Parashat Bereshit
In Midrash Tehillim, it says, “’The beginning of Your words gives light’ (Psalms 119:130) – the beginning of Your words in the Creation was (Genesis 1:3), ‘Let there be light’; From there, ‘You make the fools understand,’ and they will begin with words of Torah” – and Rashi on Psalms cites this midrash. And it appears that his words can be elucidated according to the Mishnah (Avot 5:1), “With ten utterances the world was created, etc.” And see the book, Orchot Tzaddikim, as he explains that the teacher [of this mishnah] had two questions: One is, what was the benefit of having informed us that the world was created with ten utterances? And also, why was it created with ten utterances? And he answered about the first question, that an evildoer should know to be careful not to sin – for his punishment will be great, since he is destroying the world that was created with ten utterances. And about the second question, he answered that it is to give a goodly reward to the righteous. But that itself is difficult – why should the evildoer be punished with a severe punishment? As what does it matter that it was created with ten utterances, was He not able to have created it with one utterance? For if a craftsman makes a utensil in ten days that he could have made in a day, is his payment any greater as a result; and does one who breaks it have to pay any more? Likewise is it difficult – why should the righteous receive any more reward [as a result of this]? And see what he writes.
In Midrash Tehillim, it says, “’The beginning of Your words gives light’ (Psalms 119:130) – the beginning of Your words in the Creation was (Genesis 1:3), ‘Let there be light’; From there, ‘You make the fools understand,’ and they will begin with words of Torah” – and Rashi on Psalms cites this midrash. And it appears that his words can be elucidated according to the Mishnah (Avot 5:1), “With ten utterances the world was created, etc.” And see the book, Orchot Tzaddikim, as he explains that the teacher [of this mishnah] had two questions: One is, what was the benefit of having informed us that the world was created with ten utterances? And also, why was it created with ten utterances? And he answered about the first question, that an evildoer should know to be careful not to sin – for his punishment will be great, since he is destroying the world that was created with ten utterances. And about the second question, he answered that it is to give a goodly reward to the righteous. But that itself is difficult – why should the evildoer be punished with a severe punishment? As what does it matter that it was created with ten utterances, was He not able to have created it with one utterance? For if a craftsman makes a utensil in ten days that he could have made in a day, is his payment any greater as a result; and does one who breaks it have to pay any more? Likewise is it difficult – why should the righteous receive any more reward [as a result of this]? And see what he writes.
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Sha'ar HaEmunah VeYesod HaChasidut
In the Midrash Rabbah (Beshalach) we find the statement, “When God created the world, He made a condition with the sea that it would split when the children of Israel would leave Egypt.” If so, how is this considered a miracle, if it was instilled in the nature of creation? Pirkei D’Rebbi Eliezar (chap. 18) gives numerous examples of miracles that were programmed into the creation from its outset.335Such as the manna in the desert, the miraculous rock that gave water, the hole in the earth that swallowed Korach and his cohorts. See, also, Pirkei Avot 5:6. For, if it were said that they were not preprogrammed into nature, one could claim that God changed His will.336That is, G-d’s deciding to change the order of nature, which He established with the very creation of the world, implies a change in His will or intention in response to events in this world. Yet, G-d’s immutability is an axiom of Jewish faith. The Maharal of Prague discusses this at length in the introduction to his book, Gevurot Hashem, and provides many opinions on this subject. After presenting these opinions, he explains that there are two forms of Divine governance: a natural governance, and a miraculous governance. Both are worked into the general order of Divine governance. The difference is that natural governance is always happening, while miraculous governance is revealed only at the time of the miracle. Furthermore, the order can be changed in response to the recipient. For instance, if the Egyptians had repented, the sea would not have split, even though its splitting was set as a condition in the very fabric of creation. This is because the natural order follows the attribute of God’s judgment, and the miraculous order follows the attribute of God’s mercy. 337Again, the contradiction is, “If God made a condition with the Red Sea that He would create it only if it would split before the Children of Israel at the time of the exodus, then how could the Sages teach us that if the Egyptians had repented at the time, it would not have split?” This is resolved by seeing the splitting as a part of “natural governance,” or God’s judgment, and the revelation of the miracle as part of “miraculous governance,” flowing from God’s mercy. Ironically, the splitting of the sea was not a miracle, since it was preprogrammed in the creation. The miracle would have occurred had the Egyptian soldiers repented, and the sea not split. Because of this, the mode of governance can change according to the status of the receiver. This does not imply any change whatsoever in God’s essence, for no actions can affect any change in His essence.338As the verse states: “For I am G-d, I do not change” (Malakhi 3:6) Changes in the Divine governance of the world do not indicate a change in God’s essence. In the same passage, the Maharal explains the miracle of the sun standing still for Yehoshua (Yehoshua 10); for the sun was moving and standing still at the same time.339That is, the sun stood still in the sky for the Israelites, until they defeated their enemies in battle, while for the rest of the world, it moved through the sky normally. According the natural governance, the sun was moving as usual, and according to “miraculous governance’, it stood still. Two opposites existed in the same event. This is a synopsis of his words, which are correct, and (Mishlei, 24:26) “every man shall kiss the lips of one who gives a true answer.” There are many proofs and real wonders, for with miracles, two opposites can exist simultaneously.
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Chovat HaTalmidim
This is to say that the Mishnah says (Avot 5:21), "Forty [is the age] for understanding, Fifty [is the age] for [giving] counsel." That means that the life of a person is divided into seasons - when he is forty, his mind will be fit for understanding; and when ten more years are added to him, he will reach a different season, that of counsel. And this is not only the case with the seasons of forty and fifty. Rather every number of five or ten years of a person's life differs with regard to their season. For that which the season of young adulthood is fit, later seasons - and even the season of old age - will not be fit. And for that which the seasons of old age and hoary-headedness are fit, the seasons before them will not be fit. And please note this wonder: That when the prophet announced the word of God (Joel 3:1), "After that, I will pour out My spirit on all flesh; your sons and daughters shall prophesy" - he then also distinguished and said, "your old men shall dream dreams, and your young men shall see visions." The sight of the old men will be in a dream, but that of the young men will be in a vision. It is not that we are coming now to explain the difference between the sight of a dream and the sight of a vision. Nevertheless, there is a difference, and the prophet divided them according to their seasons - the young men in their season and the old men in their season. It should be understood that this verse is not relating to God's prophets, who were above their bodies; above time and all of the world. So the level that a prophet would reach in his prophecy, he would reach during any of his seasons, nor was it subject to any season. Rather this verse is speaking about the whole Jewish people, as it is stated (Joel 3:2), "Even upon the slaves and the maidservants, etc., will I pour out My spirit." And the entire people - even in their greatness - is subject to the seasons. This means to say that a person is divided into seasons also in his service of God, and that he is fit for something different in each one of them. For example, there are the seasons of youth, in which a person is more fit to enthuse; and there are the seasons of older age, in which a person is more fit to delight in the pleasantness of the Supernal One. There are seasons when if one does not enthuse, he feels nothing; and there are seasons that even at the time when he is not enthusing, he feels the delightfulness and sweetness from even every simple thing, and even from every letter in the Torah or prayer which he says. There are seasons in which his enthusiasm - like any part of his divine service - begins in his brain, by his delving with his mind; and there are those in which it is more fit to begin in the heart, etc. Hence if a man rises in his youth to serve God through the ways of Chassidut and to bring out all that for which his spirit is fit [in the various seasons] for divine service, he will fix all of them in himself. And at the time of his old age, his service will be a type of crowning glory within which all the shades and faces of the various seasons will be seen. However if he delays getting used to it - even if he toils at it [later] - he will be lacking his seasons that he missed.
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Kedushat Levi
Numbers 23,22. “the G’d Who has brought them out of Egypt.” Rashi draws our attention to the fact that Bileam had to retract a statement he had made when speaking to G’d in answer to His question who the men were that had come to visit him. (Numbers 22,9) At that time he had attributed Israel’s exodus from Egypt as being due to their own efforts, i.e. העם היוצא ממצרים. He has now been forced to admit publicly that it was G’d Who had brought the Jewish people out of Egypt.
We have a rule that “awakening, initiative,” can start either in the celestial regions or in the terrestrial regions. Every person can be the cause of G’d relating to him with the attribute of Mercy by simply improving the number of credits he accumulates through his good deeds. Based on this he may appeal to G’d to use His attribute of mercy in dealing with him. Invoking the merits of the patriarchs, however, in other words, mobilizing forces of mercy whose sources are in the “higher world,” is something only members of the Jewish people are able to do.
[Very doubtful, as King Chiskiyah, invoking his merits when asking G’d to let him live longer, was told by G’d that he was granted this extension only due to the merits of his ancestor David. Compare Kings II 20,1-5. Ed.]
This is what the wicked Bileam referred to when he said to G’d הנה העם יצא ממצרים, “here we have this nation that departed from Egypt, etc.” When crediting the Exodus to the Jewish people themselves, Bileam meant that this people by dint of their own merits aroused sufficient forces of the attribute of Mercy to bring about their redemption.
In order to show how wrong Bileam was, our sages in Avot chapter 5, list 10 “trials that the Jewish people had subjected G’d to, i.e. 10 collective sins, instead of ten collective merits which had resulted in their redemption. G’d indicated to Bileam that the attribute of Mercy which after being “awakened” by our patriarchs reminded G’d of His promise to them, that the Exodus was put in motion. It was the accumulated merits of the patriarchs which were the major factor in the redemption of the Jewish people from their cruel fate in Egypt. This is a factor that may come to the aid of the Jewish people, but never to the aid of the gentiles.
We have a rule that “awakening, initiative,” can start either in the celestial regions or in the terrestrial regions. Every person can be the cause of G’d relating to him with the attribute of Mercy by simply improving the number of credits he accumulates through his good deeds. Based on this he may appeal to G’d to use His attribute of mercy in dealing with him. Invoking the merits of the patriarchs, however, in other words, mobilizing forces of mercy whose sources are in the “higher world,” is something only members of the Jewish people are able to do.
[Very doubtful, as King Chiskiyah, invoking his merits when asking G’d to let him live longer, was told by G’d that he was granted this extension only due to the merits of his ancestor David. Compare Kings II 20,1-5. Ed.]
This is what the wicked Bileam referred to when he said to G’d הנה העם יצא ממצרים, “here we have this nation that departed from Egypt, etc.” When crediting the Exodus to the Jewish people themselves, Bileam meant that this people by dint of their own merits aroused sufficient forces of the attribute of Mercy to bring about their redemption.
In order to show how wrong Bileam was, our sages in Avot chapter 5, list 10 “trials that the Jewish people had subjected G’d to, i.e. 10 collective sins, instead of ten collective merits which had resulted in their redemption. G’d indicated to Bileam that the attribute of Mercy which after being “awakened” by our patriarchs reminded G’d of His promise to them, that the Exodus was put in motion. It was the accumulated merits of the patriarchs which were the major factor in the redemption of the Jewish people from their cruel fate in Egypt. This is a factor that may come to the aid of the Jewish people, but never to the aid of the gentiles.
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